Q:为什么要使用游标?
A:
在存储过程(或函数)中,如果某条select语句返回的结果集中只有1行,可以使用select into语句(上几篇博客有介绍到用法)来得到该行进行处理;如果结果集中有多行,简单的select语句成批地进行处理,需要在检索出来的行中前进或后退一行或多行……若是想得到其中的每一行进行处理,就必须使用游标。
Q:什么是游标?
A:
游标(cursor),是一个存储在MySQL服务器上的数据库查询,游标不是一条 SELECT语句,而是被该语句检索出来的结果集;可以看做是指向查询结果集的指针;通过cursor,就可以一次一行的从结果集中把行拿出来处理。
注意:MySQL游标只能用于存储过程和函数。
游标的处理过程:4步
①声明游标declare:没有检索数据,只是定义要使用的select语句
②打开游标open:打开游标以供使用,用上一步定义的select语句把数据实际检索出来
③检索游标fetch:对于填有数据的游标,根据需要取出(检索)各行
④关闭游标close:在结束游标使用时,必须关闭游标
DECLARE cursor_name CURSOR FOR select_statement;
声明一个游标cursor_name,让其指向查询select_statement的结果集。
注意:
①游标声明必须出现在变量和条件声明的后面,但是在异常处理声明的前面
②一个过程中可以有多个游标声明
OPEN cursor_name;
cursor_name是声明中定义的名字;打开游标时才执行相应的select_statement。
FETCH cursor_name INTO var_name [, var_name] …
从游标cursor_name中拿出一行,把该行的各个列值保存到各个变量中。
解析:
一次只拿一行,拿完后,自动移动指针到下一行;
如果没有拿到行,会抛出异常,其SQLSTATE代码值为‘02000’,此时要检测到该情况,需要声明异常处理程序 (针对条件NOT FOUND也可以),通常需要在一个循环中来执行fetch语句,通过检测以上异常来结束循环。
CLOSE cursor_name;
收回游标占用的内存,别浪费资源嘛。
例1:创建过程,计算players表中行的数量
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<span style="font-size: 16px;">mysql><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> delimiter $$ mysql</span>><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> create procedure number_of_players( </span>-> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">out</span> pnumber <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">int</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);">) </span>-><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> begin </span>-> declare a_playerno <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">int</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);">; </span>-> declare found <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">bool</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">default</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">true</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);">; <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1);">循环控制变量,其值为false时循环结束 </span></span>-> -> declare c_players cursor <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">for</span> -> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">select</span> playerno <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">from</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> PLAYERS; <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1);">①声明游标 </span></span>-> -> declare <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">continue</span> handler <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">for</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> not found </span>-> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">set</span> found=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">false</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);">; <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1);">声明异常处理程序 </span></span>-> -> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">set</span> pnumber=<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 128, 1);">0</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);">; </span>-> -><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> open c_players; <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1);">②打开游标 </span></span>-> -><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> fetch c_players into a_playerno; <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1);">③检索游标(检索第一行) </span></span>-> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">while</span> found <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">do</span> -> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">set</span> pnumber=pnumber+<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 128, 1);">1</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);">; </span>-><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> fetch c_players into a_playerno; </span>-> end <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">while</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);">; <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1);">循环检索其余行 </span></span>-> -><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> close c_players; <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1);">④关闭游标 </span></span>-><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> end</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);">$$ mysql</span>><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> delimiter ; mysql</span>><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> call number_of_players(@pnumber); mysql</span>> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">select</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> @pnumber; </span>+----------+ | @pnumber | +----------+ | <span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 128, 1);">14</span> | +----------+<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> mysql</span>> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">select</span> count(*) <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">from</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> PLAYERS; </span>+----------+ | count(*) | +----------+ | <span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 128, 1);">14</span> | +----------+</span> |
例2:创建过程,计算某个球员的罚款次数–游标声明中可以包含变量
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<span style="font-size: 16px;">mysql><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> delimiter $$ mysql</span>><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> create procedure number_penalties( </span>-> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">in</span> p_playerno <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">int</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);">, </span>-> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">out</span> pnumber <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">int</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);">) </span>-><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> begin </span>-> declare a_playerno <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">int</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);">; </span>-> declare found <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">bool</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">default</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">true</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);">; <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1);">循环控制变量 </span></span>-> -> declare c_players cursor <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">for</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1);"> 声明游标 </span>-> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">select</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> playerno </span>-> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">from</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> PENALTIES </span>-> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">where</span> playerno =<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> p_playerno; <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1);">包含变量p_playerno </span></span>-> -> declare <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">continue</span> handler <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">for</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> not found </span>-> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">set</span> found=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">false</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);">; <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1);">声明异常处理程序 </span></span>-> -> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">set</span> pnumber=<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 128, 1);">0</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);">; </span>-> -><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> open c_players; <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1);">打开游标 </span></span>-> -><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> fetch c_players into a_playerno; </span>-> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">while</span> found <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">do</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1);"> 循环检索游标每一行 </span>-> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">set</span> pnumber=pnumber+<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 128, 1);">1</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);">; </span>-><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> fetch c_players into a_playerno; </span>-> end <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">while</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);">; </span>-> -><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> close c_players; <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1);">关闭游标 </span></span>-><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> end</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);">$$ mysql</span>><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> delimiter ; mysql</span>> call number_penalties(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 128, 1);">44</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);">,@pnumber); mysql</span>> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);">select</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"> @pnumber; </span>+----------+ | @pnumber | +----------+ | <span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 128, 1);">3</span> | +----------+</span> |